Additive manufacturing power map to mitigate overhang structure

ABSTRACT

A laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing system for producing a part by creating a power map that is an intelligent feed forward model to control the laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing for producing the part and using the power map to control the laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing for producing the part. This includes an apparatus for producing a part including a powder bed, a laser that produces a laser beam, a proportional integral derivative controller that creates a power map that describes laser power requirements as the laser moves along a path, wherein the laser power requirements prevent defects in the part.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to and benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e)of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/647,358 filed Mar. 23,2018 entitled “additive manufacturing power map to mitigate overhangstructure,” the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference inits entirety for all purposes.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO APPLICATIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

The United States Government has rights in this application pursuant toContract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344 between the United States Department ofEnergy and Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC for the operationof Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

BACKGROUND Field of Endeavor

The present application relates to additive manufacturing and moreparticularly to Additive Manufacturing: Power map to mitigate overhangstructure.

State of Technology

This section provides background information related to the presentdisclosure which is not necessarily prior art.

The challenge is to build an overhang structure using AM, withoutformation of dross. That is how to maintain a smooth surface at theoverhang. These overhang structures can differ in build quality frommachine to machine due to the randomness of the dross process.

There is no prior art other than trial and error, and still, this doesnot produce optimal overhang structure.

The inventors' method uses Intelligent Feed Forward principle byemploying an additive manufacturing power map an PID loop within acomputational simulation. This helps maintain a constant melt pooldepth, by automatically monitoring the laser energy deposition. Hence,since dross is equivalent to randomly produced melt depth that exceedsthe accepted roughness threshold, the PID controls the amount of meltdepth and keeps it in control, constant, hence avoiding wildfluctuations (dross) and help keep the surface smooth.

SUMMARY

Features and advantages of the disclosed apparatus, systems, and methodswill become apparent from the following description. Applicant isproviding this description, which includes drawings and examples ofspecific embodiments, to give a broad representation of the apparatus,systems, and methods. Various changes and modifications within thespirit and scope of the application will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art from this description and by practice of theapparatus, systems, and methods. The scope of the apparatus, systems,and methods is not intended to be limited to the particular formsdisclosed and the application covers all modifications, equivalents, andalternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the apparatus,systems, and methods as defined by the claims.

The inventors' apparatus, systems and methods provide an intelligentfeed forward model to control additive manufacturing (AM) laser powderbed fusion process, whereby, the laser crosses an overhang section andcreates a smooth overhand inner walls, with little to no drossformation. This is accomplished by controlling the laser power through acomputer model. The description below describes using a proportionalintegral derivative (PID) controller to create a power map. The benefitof the process map is to eliminate dross formation in overhangs builtusing AM. These rough surface defects are random in nature. Theirpresence prevent machine to machine reproducibility of same AM parts.Also, they have a deleterious effect on part properties. Removing themis a major need and requirement for future AM machines.

The inventors' apparatus, systems and methods have use in additivemanufacturing machines that use energy beams to create AM parts for anyapplication.

The apparatus, systems, and methods are susceptible to modifications andalternative forms. Specific embodiments are shown by way of example. Itis to be understood that the apparatus, systems, and methods are notlimited to the particular forms disclosed. The apparatus, systems, andmethods cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives fallingwithin the spirit and scope of the application as defined by the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute apart of the specification, illustrate specific embodiments of theapparatus, systems, and methods and, together with the generaldescription given above, and the detailed description of the specificembodiments, serve to explain the principles of the apparatus, systems,and methods.

FIG. 1 illustrates an object constructed using an AM and using a firstmaterial and a second material.

FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic depiction further illustrating theobject constructed using an AM.

FIG. 3 is a simplified illustration showing the construct of an objectusing an AM system and a first material and a second material.

FIG. 4 illustrates an object constructed using AM.

FIG. 5 illustrates the object being constructed using AM.

FIG. 6 illustrates the object being constructed using AM withillustration of dross formation in an overhang.

FIG. 7 illustrates the final finished workpiece/object constructed usingAM and the inventors' power map apparatus, systems and methods.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

Referring to the drawings, to the following detailed description, and toincorporated materials, detailed information about the apparatus,systems, and methods is provided including the description of specificembodiments. The detailed description serves to explain the principlesof the apparatus, systems, and methods. The apparatus, systems, andmethods are susceptible to modifications and alternative forms. Theapplication is not limited to the particular forms disclosed. Theapplication covers all modifications, equivalents, and alternativesfalling within the spirit and scope of the apparatus, systems, andmethods as defined by the claims.

The inventors have developed an intelligent feed forward model tocontrol additive manufacturing (AM) laser powder bed fusion process,whereby, the laser crosses an overhang section and creates a smoothoverhand inner walls, with little to no dross formation. This isaccomplished by controlling the laser power through a computer model.The Applicants will describe using a proportional integral derivative(PID) controller to create a power map. The benefit of the process mapis to eliminate dross formation in overhangs built using AM. These roughsurface defects are random in nature. Their presence prevent machine tomachine reproducibility of same AM parts. Also, they have a deleteriouseffect on part properties. Removing them is a major need and requirementfor future AM machines. The inventor's apparatus, systems and methodswill be used in additive manufacturing machines that use energy beams tocreate AM parts for any application.

Referring now to the drawings and in particular to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2,simplified schematic depictions illustrates an object constructed usingan AM. FIGS. 1 and 2 will be used to demonstrate dross formation inoverhangs. FIG. 1 illustrates an object constructed using an AM andusing a first material and a second material. As illustrated, thedepiction in FIG. 1 includes a number of components. The componentsillustrated in FIG. 1 are identified and described below.

-   Reference Numeral 100—Object.-   Reference Numeral 102—The part of object 100 consisting of a first    material.-   Reference Numeral 104—Simple square openings features to be built    into object 100.-   Reference Numeral 106—Simple round holes features to be built into    object 100.    Reference Numeral 108—Bridging material of made of a second material    used in the AM of object 100.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a simplified schematic depiction furtherillustrates the object 100 constructed using an AM and helps demonstratedross formation in overhangs. The components illustrated in FIG. 2 areidentified and described below.

-   Reference Numeral 100—Object.-   Reference Numeral 102—The part of object 100 consisting of a first    material.-   Reference Numeral 104—Simple square openings features to be built    into object 100.-   Reference Numeral 106—Simple round holes features to be built into    object 100.-   Reference Numeral 209—Dross or overhang that can occur during AM    constructing of a desired object.

The description of the components illustrated in FIG. 2 having beencompleted, the operational aspects of constructing the object 100 usingan AM system that incorporates the inventor's apparatus, systems andmethods will now be considered. The bridging material 108 has beenetched/removed leaving the features 104 and 106 exposed. A commonproblem encountered is that dross or overhang 209 can occur. Dross oroverhang 209 is shown in the features 104 and 106.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a simplified illustration shows the constructof an object using an using an AM system with a first material and asecond material. The components illustrated in FIG. 3 are identified anddescribed below.

-   Reference Numeral 300—System for constructing an object.-   Reference Numeral 302—Object.-   Reference Numeral 304—Build platform.-   Reference Numeral 306—First material.-   Reference Numeral 308—First printhead.-   Reference Numeral 310—First material stream.-   Reference Numeral 312—Second material.-   Reference Numeral 314—Second printhead.-   Reference Numeral 316—Second material stream.-   Reference Numeral 318—Arrows indicating possible movement directions    for print heads 308 and 314.-   Reference Numeral 320—Computer/Controller.

The system 300 for constructing an object is an AM system for producingan object 302. The part 306 of the object 302 is constructed of thefirst material 306. One or more features made of the second material 312are included in the object 302.

The system 300 incudes a build platform 304, a first printhead 308, anda second printhead 314. A first material 306 is directed into the firstprinthead 308 and is extruded from the first printhead 308 in a firstmaterial stream 310 to produce the part 306 of the object 302. A secondmaterial 312 is directed into the second printhead 314 and is extrudedfrom the second printhead 314 in a second material stream 316 to producethe feature made of the second material 312. Relative movement betweenthe build platform 304 and the first and second printhead 308 and 314 isillustrated by the arrows 318. A computer/controller 320 directsoperation of the system 300 to produce the object 302.

Referring now to FIGS. 4, 5, and 6; illustrations will be used tofurther demonstrate dross formation in overhangs. FIG. 4 illustrates anobject constructed using an AM. The components illustrated in FIG. 4 areidentified and described below.

-   Reference Numeral 400—Object.-   Reference Numeral 402—Layers of melted powder.-   Reference Numeral 404—Layers of bridging material made of a second    material.-   Reference Numeral 406—Laser beam.-   Reference Numeral 408—Laser beam path.-   Reference Numeral 410—A single layer of the layers of melted powder    402.

FIG. 4 illustrates a moment in time in the AM construction of the object400. In FIG. 4 an object 400 being made of a first material and a secondmaterial is shown. The first material is the layers of melted powder402. The second material is the layers of the bridging material 404. Thesecond material 404 will eventually be removed to complete the finalworkpiece/object 400. Note that for simplicity only the overall secondmaterial 404 is shown and the individual layers of the second materialdo not appear.

The laser beam 406 moves along the laser beam path 408 to melt the metalpowder and form the solidified layers of the object 400. FIG. 4illustrates a moment in time in the AM construction of the object 400when the single layer 410 has been applied. The layers of the firstmaterial 402 and the layers of the second bridging material 404 havebeen laid down.

Referring now to FIG. 5 the object 400 being constructed using an AM isillustrated. The components illustrated in FIG. 5 are identified anddescribed below.

-   Reference Numeral 400—Object.-   Reference Numeral 402—Layers of melted powder.-   Reference Numeral 404—Layers of bridging material made of a second    material.-   Reference Numeral 406—Laser beam.-   Reference Numeral 408—Laser beam path.-   Reference Numeral 410—A single layer of the layers of melted powder    402.-   Reference Numeral 412—An additional layer of the layers of melted    powder 402.

FIG. 5 illustrates another moment in time in the AM construction of theobject 400. In FIG. 5 the object 400 being made of a first material anda second material is shown. The first material is the layers of meltedpowder 402. The second material is the layers of the bridging material404. The second material 404 will eventually be removed to complete thefinal workpiece/object 400. Note that for simplicity only the overallsecond material 404 is shown and the individual layers of the secondmaterial do not appear. In FIG. 5 an additional layer 412 of meltedpowder is shown being applied on top of the layer 410.

The laser beam 406 moves along the laser beam path 408 to melt the metalpowder and form the solidified layers of the object 400. FIG. 5illustrates another moment in time in the AM construction of the object400 when the layers of the first material 402 including the single layer410 and the layers of the second bridging material 404 have been laiddown. FIG. 5 shows the additional layer 412 of melted powder beingapplied on top of the layer 410.

Referring now to FIG. 6 the object 400 being constructed using an AM isshown with illustration of dross formation in an overhang. Thecomponents illustrated in FIG. 6 are identified and described below.

-   Reference Numeral 400—Object.-   Reference Numeral 402—Layers of melted powder.-   Reference Numeral 404—Layers of bridging material made of a second    material.-   Reference Numeral 406—Laser beam.-   Reference Numeral 408—Laser beam path.-   Reference Numeral 410—A single layer of the layers of melted powder    402.-   Reference Numeral 412—An additional layer of the layers of melted    powder 402.-   Reference Numeral 414—An area where the laser beam power remains    constant.-   Reference Numeral 416—Dross/overhang 416.

FIG. 6 illustrates and further demonstrates dross formation in anoverhang. In FIG. 6 the object 400 being made of a first material and asecond material is shown. The first material is the layers of meltedpowder 402. The second material is the layers of the bridging material404. The second material 404 will eventually be removed to complete thefinal workpiece/object 400. Note that for simplicity only the overallsecond material 404 is shown and the individual layers of the secondmaterial do not appear. In FIG. 6 an additional layer 412 of meltedpowder has been applied on top of the layer 410.

In each pass 408 of the laser beam 406 in the areas outside of area 414the beam 406 not only melts/fuses the additional layer 412, the laserbeam 406 also fuses the layer 412 to the layer 410 below layer 412. Ifthe laser beam power remains constant in the area labeled 414, too muchenergy will be applied. This leads to melting into the bridge material40 and the formation of dross/overhang 416 that will remain afterremoval of the bridging material in a later step of the AM process. FIG.6 shows dross/overhang 416 extending into the second bridging material404. This dross/overhang 416 will remain after removal of the bridgingmaterial 404 in a later step of the AM process.

The inventor's additive manufacturing power map mitigates overhangdefects by reducing the laser power as the laser beam moves along thearea labeled 414. A tracer point can be used by a PID controller. Byrequesting the temperature variable at that point to be equal to meltingtemperature, the PID controller will control the power to achieve thisend.

The inventors' apparatus, systems and methods provide a solution to theproblem illustrated in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6. The inventors additivemanufacturing power map mitigates overhang structures. The inventorsadditive manufacturing power map uses an intelligent feed forward modelto control additive manufacturing (AM) laser powder bed fusion process,whereby, the laser crosses an overhang section and creates a smoothoverhand inner walls, with little to no dross formation. This isaccomplished by controlling the laser power through a computer model. Aproportional integral derivative (PID) controller creates a power map.The benefit of the process map is to eliminate dross formation inoverhangs built using AM. These rough surface defects are random innature. Their presence prevent machine to machine reproducibility ofsame AM parts. Also, they have a deleterious effect on part properties.Removing them is a major need and requirement for future AM machines.

Referring now to FIG. 7, an illustration shows the final finishedworkpiece/object 700 constructed using an AM and the inventors' powermap apparatus, systems and methods. The components illustrated in FIG. 7are identified and described below.

Reference Numeral 700—Finished workpiece/object.

Reference Numeral 702—Simple square openings and round hole featuresbuilt into finished workpiece/object 700.

The powder bed fusion system includes an apparatus in which selectedareas of a powder bed are solidified in a layer-by-layer manner to forma workpiece. A laser generates a laser beam across the surface of thepowder bed to solidify predetermined areas of each layer. Applicants' AMpower map mitigates defects when the laser follows a laser path thatproduces a laser beam path on the powder bed.

The inventors' power map system utilizes the PID (proportional integralderivative) to decrease the laser power and maintain a constant meltdepth. Since the energy is accumulating in overhang region, thetemperature at the tracer point is maintained fixed. The PID thencontrols the power by decreasing it, so as to decrease the amount ofenergy deposited and maintain a constant temperature value at the depthof the tracer point. This in turns guarantees fixed melt pool depth andprevents formation of dross.

Additional details of the inventors' inventors additive manufacturingpower map are disclosed in the patent applications identified anddescribed below. The content of the patent applications identified anddescribed below are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety for all purposes.

-   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/647,358 filed Mar. 23,    2018 entitled “additive manufacturing power map to mitigate overhang    structure.”-   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/647,375 filed Mar. 23,    2018 entitled “additive manufacturing power map to mitigate    defects.”-   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/145,483 filed Sep. 28, 2018    entitled “additive manufacturing power map to mitigate defects.”

Although the description above contains many details and specifics,these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the applicationbut as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferredembodiments of the apparatus, systems, and methods. Otherimplementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on whatis described and illustrated in this patent document. The features ofthe embodiments described herein may be combined in all possiblecombinations of methods, apparatus, modules, systems, and computerprogram products. Certain features that are described in this patentdocument in the context of separate embodiments can also be implementedin combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features thatare described in the context of a single embodiment can also beimplemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitablesubcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above asacting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, oneor more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excisedfrom the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asubcombination or variation of a subcombination. Similarly, whileoperations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, thisshould not be understood as requiring that such operations be performedin the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that allillustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results.Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodimentsdescribed above should not be understood as requiring such separation inall embodiments.

Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the presentapplication fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obviousto those skilled in the art. In the claims, reference to an element inthe singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unlessexplicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural andfunctional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferredembodiment that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art areexpressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to beencompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for adevice to address each and every problem sought to be solved by thepresent apparatus, systems, and methods, for it to be encompassed by thepresent claims. Furthermore, no element or component in the presentdisclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless ofwhether the element or component is explicitly recited in the claims. Noclaim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recitedusing the phrase “means for.”

While the apparatus, systems, and methods may be susceptible to variousmodifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have beenshown by way of example in the drawings and have been described indetail herein. However, it should be understood that the application isnot intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather,the application is to cover all modifications, equivalents, andalternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the application asdefined by the following appended claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A laser powder bed fusion additivemanufacturing control method for producing a workpiece wherein drossformation in overhangs can occur during the laser powder bed fusionadditive manufacturing, comprising the steps of: providing a firstmaterial; providing a second material wherein the second material is abridging material; providing a laser that produces a laser beam; usingsaid first material, second material, said laser, and said laser beam toproduce an intermediate workpiece unit having a body made of said firstmaterial and features in said body wherein said features are made ofsaid second material; providing a proportional integral derivativecontroller; providing a tracer point operatively connected to saidproportional integral derivative controller; creating a power map toprevent formation of said dross formation in overhangs in said firstmaterial of said workpiece wherein said power map is an intelligent feedforward model; using said power map, said proportional integralderivative controller, and said tracer point to control said laser andsaid laser beam and produce said intermediate workpiece unit having abody made of said first material and features in said body wherein saidfeatures are made of said second material; using said power map, saidproportional integral derivative controller, and said tracer point toprevent formation of said dross formation in overhangs in said firstmaterial; and removing said features made of said second material fromsaid body made of said first material to produce said workpiece whereinthere is no dross formation in overhangs in said first material.
 2. Thelaser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing control method forproducing a workpiece of claim 1 wherein said step of creating a powermap includes using said proportional integral derivative controller andsaid tracer point to create said power map.
 3. The laser powder bedfusion additive manufacturing control method for producing a workpieceof claim 1 wherein said step of creating a power map includes using aproportional integral derivative controller and said tracer point topredict laser power requirements to achieve melt pool characteristicsthat prevent formation of said dross formation in overhangs.
 4. Thelaser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing control method forproducing a workpiece of claim 1 wherein said step of creating a powermap includes using said proportional integral derivative controller topredict laser power requirements to achieve melt pool characteristicsthat eliminated defects in the part by controlling the laser powerthrough a computer model.
 5. The laser powder bed fusion additivemanufacturing control method for producing a workpiece of claim 1wherein said step of creating a power map includes using saidproportional integral derivative controller and said tracer point toprovide a closed control loop system to predict laser power requirementsto achieve melt pool characteristics that prevent formation of saiddross formation in overhangs.
 6. The laser powder bed fusion additivemanufacturing control method for producing a workpiece of claim 1wherein said step of using said power map to control said laser and saidlaser beam and produce said intermediate workpiece unit includes thestep of creating said tracer point in a computer model.
 7. The laserpowder bed fusion additive manufacturing control method for producing aworkpiece of claim 6 wherein said step of creating said tracer point ina computer model includes the step of using said tracer point in acomputer model to control said laser and said laser beam and producesaid intermediate workpiece unit.
 8. An additive manufacturing apparatusfor producing a workpiece wherein dross formation in overhangs can occurduring the additive manufacturing, comprising: a first material; asecond material wherein the second material is a bridging material; alaser that produces a laser beam; means for using said first material,second material, said laser, and said laser beam to produce anintermediate workpiece unit having a body made of said first materialand features in said body wherein said features are made of said secondmaterial; a proportional integral derivative controller; a tracer pointoperatively connected to said proportional integral derivativecontroller; means for creating a power map to prevent formation of drossin said first material of said workpiece wherein said power map is anintelligent feed forward model uses said proportional integralderivative controller and said tracer point; means for using said powermap, said proportional integral derivative controller, and said tracerpoint to control said laser and said laser beam and produce saidintermediate workpiece unit having a body made of said first materialand features in said body wherein said features are made of said secondmaterial; means for using said power map, said proportional integralderivative controller, and said tracer point to prevent formation ofsaid dross formation in overhangs in said first material; and means forremoving said features made of said second material from said body madeof said first material to produce said workpiece wherein there is nodross formation in overhangs in said first material.